NuoNuo: Hippocampal memory module prototype

Hopfield + Hebbian hybrid memory system for LLMs.
Two nights of experiments (16 iterations), validated on LongMemEval (ICLR 2025).

Architecture:
- Single-hop: Two-Stage Hopfield (NN top-20 → softmax settle)
- Multi-hop: Hebbian W matrix with WTA pattern separation
- 64% on LongMemEval (500 questions), retrieval-only, no LLM dependency
- 4ms latency @ 20K memories, ~1GB VRAM

Key findings:
- Hopfield attention solved noise tolerance (20% → 100% vs flat Hebbian)
- WTA pattern separation enables 20K+ capacity
- Multi-hop associative chains (6 hops, CosSim=1.0) — RAG can't do this
- MiniLM-L6 is optimal (discrimination gap > absolute similarity)
- Paraphrase cue augmentation: 55% → 100% on synthetic, 36% → 64% on benchmark
- SNN encoder viable (CosSim 0.99) but not needed for current architecture
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"""Experiment 5: Performance benchmarks.
Measure:
1. Learning throughput (memories/second)
2. Recall latency (ms per query)
3. GPU memory usage at different scales
4. Multi-hop latency vs hops
5. End-to-end: embed + separate + recall pipeline
"""
import sys
import time
import json
from pathlib import Path
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import numpy as np
DEVICE = "cuda"
RESULTS_DIR = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "doc"
def winner_take_all(x, k):
_, idx = x.topk(k, dim=-1)
out = torch.zeros_like(x)
out.scatter_(-1, idx, 1.0)
return out
class BenchMemory:
def __init__(self, input_dim, code_dim, k):
self.k = k
self.code_dim = code_dim
self.proj = (torch.randn(input_dim, code_dim, device=DEVICE)
* (1.0 / input_dim**0.5))
self.W = torch.zeros(code_dim, code_dim, device=DEVICE)
def sep(self, x):
return winner_take_all(x @ self.proj, self.k)
def learn(self, cue, target):
self.W += torch.outer(self.sep(target), self.sep(cue))
def recall(self, query, hops=1):
code = self.sep(query)
for _ in range(hops):
code = winner_take_all(self.W @ code, self.k)
return code
def benchmark_learn(input_dim, code_dim, k, n_memories):
"""Measure learning throughput."""
mem = BenchMemory(input_dim, code_dim, k)
cues = torch.randn(n_memories, input_dim, device=DEVICE)
targets = torch.randn(n_memories, input_dim, device=DEVICE)
torch.cuda.synchronize()
t0 = time.time()
for i in range(n_memories):
mem.learn(cues[i], targets[i])
torch.cuda.synchronize()
dt = time.time() - t0
return n_memories / dt, dt
def benchmark_recall(input_dim, code_dim, k, n_memories, n_queries=1000, hops=1):
"""Measure recall latency."""
mem = BenchMemory(input_dim, code_dim, k)
# Pre-fill
for _ in range(n_memories):
c = torch.randn(input_dim, device=DEVICE)
t = torch.randn(input_dim, device=DEVICE)
mem.learn(c, t)
queries = torch.randn(n_queries, input_dim, device=DEVICE)
torch.cuda.synchronize()
t0 = time.time()
for i in range(n_queries):
mem.recall(queries[i], hops=hops)
torch.cuda.synchronize()
dt = time.time() - t0
return dt / n_queries * 1000 # ms per query
def benchmark_memory_usage(input_dim, code_dims):
"""Measure GPU memory at different code_dim."""
results = {}
for cd in code_dims:
torch.cuda.empty_cache()
torch.cuda.reset_peak_memory_stats()
before = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()
mem = BenchMemory(input_dim, cd, k=50)
# Learn 1000 memories
for _ in range(1000):
c = torch.randn(input_dim, device=DEVICE)
t = torch.randn(input_dim, device=DEVICE)
mem.learn(c, t)
after = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()
peak = torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated()
w_size = cd * cd * 4 / 1024**2 # MB
proj_size = input_dim * cd * 4 / 1024**2 # MB
total_allocated = (after - before) / 1024**2
results[cd] = {
"W_size_MB": w_size,
"proj_size_MB": proj_size,
"total_allocated_MB": total_allocated,
"peak_MB": peak / 1024**2,
}
print(f" code_dim={cd:>6}: W={w_size:.0f}MB, proj={proj_size:.0f}MB, "
f"total={total_allocated:.0f}MB")
del mem
return results
def main():
print("=" * 60)
print("Experiment 5: Performance Benchmarks")
print("=" * 60)
input_dim = 384 # MiniLM dimension
# Test 1: Learning throughput
print("\n=== Learning Throughput ===")
for code_dim, k in [(8192, 50), (16384, 50), (32768, 50)]:
for n in [1000, 5000, 10000]:
rate, dt = benchmark_learn(input_dim, code_dim, k, n)
print(f" code={code_dim}, k={k}, N={n:>5}: "
f"{rate:>8.0f} memories/s ({dt:.2f}s)")
torch.cuda.empty_cache()
# Test 2: Recall latency
print("\n=== Recall Latency ===")
for code_dim, k in [(8192, 50), (16384, 50), (32768, 50)]:
for n_mem in [100, 1000, 10000]:
ms = benchmark_recall(input_dim, code_dim, k, n_mem, n_queries=1000)
print(f" code={code_dim}, k={k}, N={n_mem:>5}: {ms:.3f} ms/query")
torch.cuda.empty_cache()
# Test 3: Multi-hop latency
print("\n=== Multi-hop Latency ===")
for hops in [1, 2, 3, 5, 10]:
ms = benchmark_recall(input_dim, 16384, 50, 1000, n_queries=1000, hops=hops)
print(f" hops={hops:>2}: {ms:.3f} ms/query")
# Test 4: GPU Memory
print("\n=== GPU Memory Usage ===")
benchmark_memory_usage(input_dim, [4096, 8192, 16384, 32768, 65536])
# Test 5: End-to-end with sentence-transformers
print("\n=== End-to-End Pipeline Latency ===")
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
model = SentenceTransformer("all-MiniLM-L6-v2", device=DEVICE)
mem = BenchMemory(384, 16384, 50)
# Pre-fill 1000 memories
sentences = [f"This is test sentence number {i}" for i in range(1000)]
embs = model.encode(sentences, convert_to_tensor=True,
normalize_embeddings=True, device=DEVICE)
for i in range(1000):
mem.learn(embs[i], embs[min(i+1, 999)])
# Benchmark single query pipeline
query = "What is the test sentence?"
n_runs = 100
torch.cuda.synchronize()
t0 = time.time()
for _ in range(n_runs):
q_emb = model.encode([query], convert_to_tensor=True,
normalize_embeddings=True, device=DEVICE)[0]
recalled = mem.recall(q_emb, hops=1)
torch.cuda.synchronize()
dt = (time.time() - t0) / n_runs * 1000
# Breakdown
t_embed = 0
t_recall = 0
for _ in range(n_runs):
torch.cuda.synchronize()
t1 = time.time()
q_emb = model.encode([query], convert_to_tensor=True,
normalize_embeddings=True, device=DEVICE)[0]
torch.cuda.synchronize()
t2 = time.time()
recalled = mem.recall(q_emb, hops=1)
torch.cuda.synchronize()
t3 = time.time()
t_embed += t2 - t1
t_recall += t3 - t2
t_embed = t_embed / n_runs * 1000
t_recall = t_recall / n_runs * 1000
print(f" Total: {dt:.1f} ms/query")
print(f" Embedding: {t_embed:.1f} ms")
print(f" Recall: {t_recall:.3f} ms")
print(f" Ratio: embedding is {t_embed/t_recall:.0f}x slower than recall")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()